BIOL 112 Lab 5
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- Identify monocot and eudicot plants from root, stem, leaf, and flower characteristics
- Identify root, stem, and leaf structures and describe their function(s)
- Describe secondary growth in eudicot stems
- recognize and describe relationship of flower and fruit morphology
- use a key to identify fruit types
Flowering Plant Anatomy
| Character | Monocot | Eudicot |
|---|---|---|
| Embryo | One cotyledon ("seed leaf") | Two cotyledons (like a peanut) |
| Leaf vennation | parallel or pinnate | netted |
| Vascular Tissue | scattered/random positioning | arranged in ring around stem |
| Roots | fibrous | usually taproot; lobed core of xylem (note X shape) |
| Flower parts | Multiples of 3 | Multiples of 4 or 5 |
Tissues
Ground Tissue
- parenchyma
- large, round
- bulk of plant material
- collenchyma
- organized, stretched rectangular
- supportive tissue
- schlerenchyma
- RED colored (on slides)
- supportive tissue, usually around vascular tissue
- sclerids or fibers
Dermal Tissue
- epidermis
- outer layer of "skin"
- may be covered by waxy cuticle
- stomata
- openings in leaves that regulate water and gas exchange
- open and close in response to humidity
Vascular Tissue
- xylem
- transport water from roots to leaves
- mnemonic: remember that X is at the end/root of the alphabet
- eudicot roots have xylem arranged in an "X" shape
- phloem
- transport products of photosynthesis throughout plant
- mnemonic: ph— for photosynthesis
- bidirectional flow regulated by "valves"
Roots
(penis)
- apical meristem
- region of cell division and growth
- protected by root cap
- there's also an apical meristem that grows at end of stem
- cortex
- bulk of root material (ground tissue)
- stele
- bundle of vascular tissue
- surrounded/separated from cortex by endodermis
- much larger in monocots; eudicots have an "X" for "xylem"
- pericycle
- produces lateral/secondary/branch roots
Shoot System
Flowers
Inflorescence [1]:
- determinate
- oldest flower are at the top end of the shoot
- indeterminate
- new flowers grow at stem tip, so youngest flower is at the top end of the shoot
All flowers produce fruit.
Fruits
Types of fruit:
- aggregate: multiple ovaries of a single flower form a fruit (strawberry, blackberry, raspberry)
- multiple: many ovaries from ≥2 flowers combine into a mass (pineapple, mulberry, fig)
- simple: one ovary of one flower forms one fruit; may be fleshy or dry
Footnotes
- ↑ inflorescence is the way individual flowers are arranged on a stem