PHL 3305 Lecture 20

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End Exam 1 content

Conversion

• simple
  • change subject and predicate
  • EX: no camel is a plant → no plant is a camel
• accidental (also called partial)
  • change subject and predicate
  • also change quantity
  • EX: every giraffe is an animal → some animals are giraffe

Rules of Conversion

1. Every universal negation or denial converts simply
2. Every particular affirmation converts simply
3. Every universal affirmation converts accidentally
4. No particular negation or denial converts validly

If the original proposition is true, the final proposition must also be true.

Chapter 14

Conditionals

if {{antecedent}}, then {{consequent}}

Disjunctive

Always treated as exclusive (XOR): cannot be both true or both false at the same time