BIOL 111 Review Chapter 6-10

Introduction to Metabolism

(See BIOL 111 Chapter 8→)

Textbook Source: p142-56

kinetic energy

energy due to active motion (like heat, movement, falling)

potential energy

energy due to current position (height, concentration gradients)

Thermodynamics

1. Energy and matter can be transferred but cannot be created or destroyed.

2. In every energy transfer, some energy becomes unusable (heat), which increases entropy/disorder of the universe.

entropy

disorder due to kinetic energy

exergonic

reaction that gives out energy

endergonic

reaction that requires energy input

calorie

amount of energy needed to raise 1mL of water by 1°C

not to be confused with Calorie, or 1000cal

metabolism

chemical reactions required to maintain life

catabolic

destruction of molecules to gain energy (cats are destructive

anabolic

creation of molecules from captured energy

catalysts

chemicals that lower amount of activation energy required to start a reaction

speed up spontaneous reactions

enzymes

organic protein catalysts

active sites

the point on an enzyme to which substrates bind for the chemical reaction

cofactors

non-organic substances (like ions) that help enzymes along

coenzymes

organic cofactors

Conversion from energy to matter: $E=mc^{2}$

Gibbs Free Energy

$\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S$

• $\Delta G$ Free energy (+) endergonic and stable reactants; (–) exergonic/spontaneous and unstable reactants
• $\Delta H$ Change in potential energy
• $T$ temperature (in K)
• $\Delta S$ change in entropy

ΔG Energy of common organic molecules

ΔGGlucose	≈ -686 kcal/mol
ΔGATP	≈ -7.3 kcal/mol
ΔGNADH	≈ -52.7 kcal/mol