Functional Groups

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As listed on Figure 4.10 (p. 64-65)

Hydroxyl

  • —OH
  • Polar (Hydrophilic)


Carbonyl

  • Pronounced car-bō-NEEL
  • >CO (carbon double-bonded with oxygen)
  • Polar: found in sugars which are water-soluble


Carboxyl

  • Carbonyl + Hydroxyl
  • —COOH (carbon has two oxygen: one is double bound, other is single; single-bond oxygen has hydrogen)
  • Polar (hydrophilic), always acidic because it can give up the H atom in the hydroxyl branch. (see BIOL 111 Chapter 3), found in amino acids and fatty acids


Amino

  • —NH2 (nitrogen with two hydrogens)
  • polar, acts as a base because it picks up an extra H+ ion since N is so electronegative


Sulfhydryl

  • —SH or HS—
  • In some amino acids
  • Important to protein structure


Phosphate

  • —OPO32–
    EX: Cell gets energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • Very polar
  • Negatively charged
  • Found in nucleic acids, ATP, and phospholipids


Methyl

  • —CH3 (carbon with three hydrogens)
  • Addition to DNA/other molecules affects function of that molecule (more or less reactive; turns genes on or off)